Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life
Question:
1) What are the levels in the biological hierarchy?(lowest to highest)
Molecules- Organelles- Cells- Tissues- Organs and Organ Systems- Organisms- Populations- Communities- Ecosystems- The Biosphere
2) The three domains of Life.
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
3) What’re the two main forms of inquiry?
The discovery science, hypothesis –based science.
Factors
1, Scientists divide the enormous living things into different levels of biological organization.
2, Living things interact with the environments they live and exchange energy.
3, Scientists divide all living things in to different domains, kingdoms, phylum, class, order, family, Genus, Species. And there are three domains, Bacteria Archaea Eukarya.
4, Darwin published the theory of natural selection.
5, Scientists observe a phenomenon and give a question, then they used two main way to solve it. One called discovery science, another called hypothesis-based science.
Summary
In the chapter one, it introduced themes to us, which we knew they connect the concepts of biology. Evolution is an overarching theme of biology. And new properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy. There are about 10 different level in the biosphere which included biosphere and known as the highest level.
Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization. Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function. The continuity of life is based n heritable information in the form of DNA. Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life. Scientists use two main forms of inquiry in their study of nature.
Diagram
From this diagram, we can see the different levels of biological organization. They are Biosphere, Ecosystems, Communities, Population, Organisms, Organs and Organ Systems, Tissues, Cells, Organelles and Molecules. In this diagram, they used leaf as the example. We see the little leaf, but it is organ and organ systems. Below the leaf, there are tissues which are so tiny that we can’t see without microscope. And beyond the leaf, there’s a tree, it’s a individual living things which called organism. According to which level we are looking at, a leaf can very complicated as the whole biosphere, or very simple as a molecule.
Key terms
Emergent properties: new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
Biosphere: the biosphere includes most regions of land, most bodies of water, and the atmosphere to an altitude of several kilometers.
Ecosystems: an ecosystem consists of all the living things in particular area, along with all the nonliving component of the environment with which life interacts.
Community: the entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem is called biological community.
Populations: a population consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area.
Organism: individual living things are called organisms.
Organs and organ system: the structural of life continues to unfold as we explore the architecture of the more complex organisms.
Tissues: an integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.
Organelles: any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
Feedback (negative, positive)
Negative feedback, in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process. (most common form of regulation)
Positive feedback, in which an end product speeds up its production.
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