chapter 9

Chapter 9
Questions
1) What’s the formula of the cell respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2= 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP+ heat)

2) What’s the difference between reducing agent and reduction?
The addition of electrons to another substance is reduction. The loss of electrons from one substance is called oxidation.

3) Where does the cell respiration take place?
There are three stages of respiration, they are glycolysis which takes place in cytosol, citric acid cycle and electron transport and chemiosmosis both of them happen inside of mitochondrion.


Factors:
1) The function of glycolysis is to split glucose and produce 2 NADH and 4 ATP. And it takes place in cytoplasm.
2) The function of Krebs cycle is oxidize pyruvic acid to CO2, it produce 4 NADH and 1 FADH2. It takes place in the mitochondria matrix.
3) The function of Electron transport and chemiosmosis is to convert NADH and FADH2 into ATP. It takes place in Mitochondria cristae.
4) ATP synthesis powered by the flow of proton back across the membrane, it called chemiosmosis.
5) Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, Krebs cycle produce 2 ATP and ETC produce about 32 or 34 ATP, so the complete cell respiration produce 36 or 38 ATP

Summary:
Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels. Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate. The citric acid cycle completes the energy yielding oxidation of organic molecules.During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways.
This chapter is mainly about cell respiration. There are three stages of cell respiration. They are produce ATP which is the energy will be used for photosynthesis. And also cell respiration produce water.

Diagram:
From this diagram we can see the three stages of cell respiration and their location and their functions. Glycolysis is the process that converts glucose to pyrucate. And all of the stages are producing ATP.


Key term:
1. Oxidation: LOSS of electrons, energy and hydrogens to carbons.
2. Reduction: GAIN of electrons, energy and hydrogens to carbon.
3. Phosphorylation: Adding a phosphate group to a molecule, and adding energy
to the molecule for chemical reactions.
4. Fermentation: A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from
glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic
end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
5. Aerobic respiration: With oxygen. All three Rs steps.
6. Anaerobic respiration: Without oxygen. Glycolysis only.
7. Acetyl CoA: Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle
in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a
coenzyme.
8. Substrate-level phosphorylation: It occurs when enzyme transfers a phosphate
group from a substrate molecule to ADP, rather than adding an inorganic
phosphate to ADP as in oxidative phosphorylation.
9. Oxidative phosphorylation: It is powered by the redox reactions of the electron
transport chain.
10. Glycolysis: Splitting glucose


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3y1dO4nNaKY&translated=1