chapter 12

Chapter 12
1) What’s genome?
It’s the cell's hereditary endowment of DNA. It usually packaged into chromosomes for manageability.
2) What’s chromosome?
It is made of a DNA and protein complex called Chromatin.
3) What’s the structure of chromosome?
At cell division, each chromosome has been duplicated. The duplicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.

Factor
1) There are G2 of interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and cytokinesis in the mitotic division of an animal cell.
2) In the interphase, there are G1 which is the first gap, S which is synthesis, G2 which is second gap.
3) In G1, Cell grows and carries out regular biochemical functions. When the DNA is replicated or synthesized. Chromosomes are replicated and then Cell completes preparations for division.
4) Mitosis is division of replicated chromosomes. Cytokinesis is division of the cell’s cytoplasm.
5) The purpose of mitotic is to divide the 2 copies of the DNA equally.To separate the sister chromatids into separate cells.



Diagram
In this diagram, we can see G1, G2 and DNA synthesis. G1 called checkpoint also called restriction point in mammalian cells. Places cells in a non-dividing phase called the Go phase. Most important checkpoint according to some.




Key term
1, Centromere: The point where two sister chromatids are connected.
1. Chromosomes: Made of a DNA and protein complex called chromatin; during cell
division, the chromatin becomes highly condensed into the chromosomes.
2. Gametes: Sperm and eggs which have half as many chromosomes as somatic
cells.
3. Somatic cells: All body cells except the reproductive cells each contain 46
chromosomes made up of two sets of 23.
4. Chromatin: A complex of DNA and associated protein molecules.
5. Mitosis: The division of the nucleus.
6. Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm.
7. Centromere: The point where two sister chromatids are connected.
8. Centrosome: Structure present in the cytoplasm of animals cells, important during
cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A Centrosome has two
centrioles.
9. Cyclin-dependent kinases or Cdks: A protein kinase that is active only when
attached to a particular cyclin.
10. Transformation: The process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmTEiddrGOM